- Jan 21 Joseph Justus Scaliger, French inventor of "Julian Period", dies at 68
- Feb 7 Ferdinand I de' Medici, Italian Grand Duke of Tuscany (1587-1609), made Tuscany prosperous, introduced opera to Europe, dies at 59
- Feb 17 Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, dies at 59
- Feb 28 Paul Sartorius, German composer, dies at 39
- Mar 25 Olaus Martini, Swedish Archbishop of Uppsala (b. 1557)
- Apr 4 Charles de L'Ecluse, Flemish botanist (b. 1526)
- May 15 Giovanni Croce, Italian composer (b. 1557)
- May 26 Cornelis Claesz, mapmaker, buried
- Jul 15 Annibale Carracci, Italian painter, dies at 48
- Jul 20 Federico Zuccari, Italian Mannerist painter, dies at about 69
- Aug 7 Eustache du Caurroy, French Renaissance composer, dies at 60
- Aug 22 Maharal of Prague, Jewish mystic and philosopher (b. 1525)
- Oct 1 Gianmatteo Asola, Italian composer
- Oct 19 Jacobus Arminius [Jacob Hermans], theologist, dies at about 49
- Nov 8 Elisabeth of Anhalt-Zerbst, Electress of Brandenburg, by marriage, dies at 44
- Dec 4 Alexander Hume, Scottish poet (Hymns and Sacred Songs), dies
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