- Jan 2 Charles Russell Lowell Jr, American railroad executive and Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Boston, Massachusetts (d. 1864)
- Jan 3 Larkin Goldsmith Mead, American sculptor who worked in Florence, born in Chesterfield, New Hampshire (d. 1910)
- Jan 5 Friedrich Richard Faltin, Finnish composer, born in Gdańsk, Poland (d. 1918)
- Jan 5 Hendrik van Rijgersma, Dutch naturalist and physician, born in Lemmer, Netherlands (d. 1877)
- Jan 13 Gustaaf Rolin-Jaequemyns, Belgian jurist and Minister of the Interior (d. 1902)
- Jan 17 Antanas Baranauskas, Lithuanian bishop, poet (Anykščių šilelis) and dialectologist, born in Anykščiai, Vilnius Governorate, Russian Empire (d. 1902)
- Jan 17 Johan Filip von Schantz, Finnish violinist, conductor, and composer (Kullervo), born in Ulvila, Finland (d. 1865)
- Jan 18 César A Cui, Russian composer and fort architect, born in Vilnius, Russian Empire (d. 1918)
- Jan 18 Jan Ferguut [Jan van Droogenbroeck], Belgian poet, born in Sint-Amands, Belgium (d. 1902)
- Jan 30 Oliver Edwards, American inventor and Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Springfield, Massachusetts (d. 1904)
- Jan 31 William Charles Lunalilo, Monarch of Hawaii (d. 1874)
- Feb 2 Luigi Manzotti, Italian mime artist, dancer, and ballet choreographer, born in Milan, Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom (d. 1905)
- Feb 13 Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, Founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community (d. 1908)
- Feb 14 Francois Haverschmidt, Dutch writer (Snikken en grimlachjes), born in Leeuwarden, Netherlands (d. 1894)
- Feb 15 Alexander Stuart Webb, Major General (Union Army), (d. 1911)
- Feb 15 Demetrius Vikelas, Greek businessman and writer (first President International Olympic Committee 1894-1896), born in Ermoupoli, Greece (d. 1908)
- Feb 20 Allessandro d'Ancona, Italian philologist, born in Pisa (d. 1914)
- Feb 25 Matsukata Masayoshi, Japanese politician (Prime Minister of Japan 1891-1892, 1896 -1898), born in Kagoshima, Japan (d. 1924)
- Feb 26 Richard Andree, German geographer and etnologist (Andree's Handatlas), born in Braunschweig, Saxony (d. 1912)
- Feb 27 Richard Garnett, English librarian and writer (Keeper of Printed Books British Museum), born in Lichfield, England (d. 1906)
- Mar 1 Matthias Joseph Scheeben, German theologist (Natur und Gnade), born in Meckenheim (d. 1888)
- Mar 4 John Hughlings Jackson, English neurologist (d. 1911)
- Mar 6 Charles Ewing, American attorney and Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Lancaster, Ohio (d. 1883)
- Mar 6 Ludwik Grossman, Polish composer (Duch Wojewody - The Ghost of Voyvode), born in Tureck, Poland (d. 1915)
- Mar 12 Simon Newcomb, Canadian-American scientist, mathematician and astronomer (calculated extremely accurate tables for the solar system), born in Wallace, Nova Scotia (d. 1909)
- Mar 14 Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italian astronomer (discovered canals of Mars), born in Savigliano, Italy (d. 1910)
- Mar 14 Manuel Fernandez Caballero, Spanish composer, born in Murcia, Spain (d. 1906)
- Mar 15 Eduard Strauss, Austrian dance band conductor, and composer, born in Vienna, Ausrtian Empire (d. 1916)
- Mar 15 John Henrie Kagi, American abolitionist (d. 1859)
- Mar 21 Thomas Hayward, English cricket batsman (first English tours to North America 1859-60, Australia & NZ 1864-5; Cambridge Town Club), born in Chatteris, England (d. 1876)
- Mar 24 Josef Stefan, Slovenian-Austrian physicist (Stefan-Boltzmann law), born in St. Peter, Austria (d. 1893)
- Mar 30 Bernhard Scholz, German composer, conductor, and pedagogue, born in Mainz, Grand Duchy of Hesse (d. 1916)
- Mar 31 John La Farge, American painter (stained glass), born in New York City (d. 1910)
- Apr 6 José Marraco y Ferrer, Catalan church musician and composer, born in Barcelona, Spain (d. 1913)
Leopold II of Belgium (1835-1909)
Apr 9 King of the Belgians (1865-1909), sole owner of the Congo Free State (1885-1908), born in Brussels, Belgium
- Apr 10 Ludwig Bösendorfer, Austrian piano builder, born in Vienna, Austria (d. 1919)
- Apr 27 John Murray Corse, American politician and Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania [or 9/27] (d. 1893)
- May 1 Alfred Napoleon Alexander "Natti" Duffié, French-American Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Paris, France (d. 1880)
- May 4 Edmund Hart Turpin, English composer, born in Nottingham, England (d. 1907)
- May 11 Kārlis Baumanis, Latvian composer (Dievs, svētī Latviju! (“God bless Latvia!”), the national anthem of Latvia), born in Viļķene Parish, Courland Governorate, Russian Empire (d. 1905)
- May 21 František Chvostek, Moravian physician (d. 1884)
- May 21 Newton Martin Curtis, American Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in De Peyster, New York (d. 1910)
- May 26 Edward Porter Alexander, Brigadier General (Confederate Army) and military engineer, born in Washington, Georgia (d. 1910)
- May 30 Alfred Austin, English poet laureate of England (Garden), born in Headingley, Yorkshire, England (d. 1913)
- May 31 Hijikata Toshizō, Japanese military leader, born in Hino, Tokyo, Japan (d. 1869)
- Jun 2 Pius X [Giuseppe Sarto], Italian 257th Roman Catholic Pope (1903-14 - lowered age of Communion from 12 to 7,) and saint, born in Riese, Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, Austrian Empire (d. 1914)
- Jun 10 Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany, born in Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany (now Italy) (d. 1908)
- Jun 10 Rebecca Latimer Felton, American writer and politician (first woman to serve as U.S. Senator (Georgia)), born in Decatur, Georgia (d. 1930) [1]
- Jun 12 George Atzerodt, American conspirator who failed to attempt an assassination of Vice President Andrew Johnson on the night Abraham Lincoln was murdered, born in Dorna, German Confederation (d. 1865)
- Jun 14 Nikolay Rubinstein, Russian composer and pianist, born in Moscow, Russia (d. 1881) (O.S. 2 June)
- Jul 10 Henryk Wieniawski, Polish violinist and composer (Souv de Moscou), born in Lubin, Poland (d. 1880)
- Jul 27 Giosuè Carducci, Italian writer and Nobel Prize Laureate 1906 regarded as the official national poet of modern Italy, born in Pietrasanta, Italy (d. 1907)
- Jul 28 José Garcia Robles, Spanish composer, born in Olot, Spain (d. 1910)
- Jul 29 Joe Coburn, Irish boxer (Heavyweight C'ship of America 1863-65), born in Middletown County, Armagh, Ireland (d. 1890)
- Jul 31 Henri Brisson, French statesman (d. 1912)
- Jul 31 Paul du Chaillu, French-American explorer who the 1st modern explorer to confirm existence of gorillas and pygmies [birth year disputed], born in St. Petersburg, Russia (d. 1903)
- Aug 2 Elisha Grey, American electrical engineer and inventor (Telephone), born in Barnesville, Ohio (d. 1901)
- Aug 8 James William Forsyth, American Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Maumee, Ohio (d. 1906)
- Aug 10 Gyula Beliczay, Hungarian pianist, composer, teacher, and engineer, born in Révkomárom, Hungary (now in Slovakia) (d. 1893)
- Aug 14 Tom King, English boxer (English heavyweight champion 1862-63), rower and bookmaker, born in London, England (d. 1888)
- Aug 26 Theodore Washington Brevard, American Brigadier General (Confederate Army), born in Tuskegee, Alabama (d. 1882)
- Aug 27 Albijn van de Abeele, Flemish author and painter, born in Sint-Martens-Latem, Belgium (d. 1918)
- Sep 3 William Gaston Lewis, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), (d. 1901)
- Sep 11 William Wirt Allen, Brigadier General (Confederate Army), born in New York City (d. 1894)
- Sep 14 Joseph Hayes, American Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in York County, Maine (d. 1912)
- Sep 14 Y de Smit-Rog, oldest citizen of Netherlands (d. 1940 at 104)
- Sep 25 Harry Wright, English Baseball Hall of Fame center fielder and manager (established baseball's first fully professional team, Cincinnati Red Stockings 1869), born in Sheffield, England (d. 1895)
- Sep 27 John Murray Corse, American politician and Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (d. 1893 [or 4/27])
- Oct 1 Ádám Politzer, Hungarian-Austrian physician, born in Albertirsa, Pest, Hungary (d. 1920)
- Oct 1 Robert H. Anderson, American Brigadier General (Confederate Army), born in Savannah, Georgia (d. 1888)
- Oct 1 William Hicks "Red" Jackson, American Brigadier General (Confederate Army), born in Paris, Tennessee (d. 1903)
- Oct 2 Louis-Antoine Ranvier, French anatomist and historian, born in Lyon, France (d. 1922)
- Oct 7 Felix Draeseke, German composer (Christus: Mysterium in a Prelude and Three Oratorios), born in Coburg, Germany (d. 1913)
Camille Saint-Saëns (1835-1921)
Oct 9 French composer (Samson et Dalila; Organ Symphony), born in Paris
- Oct 11 Hunter McGuire, American physician and Med Director (Confederate Army), born in Winchester, Virginia (d. 1900)
- Oct 23 Adlai Stevenson I, American politician (D), 23rd Vice President of the United States (1893-97), born in Christian County, Kentucky (d. 1914)
- Oct 31 Adelbert Ames, American soldier and politician, Bvt Major General (Union Army), born in Rockland, Maine (d. 1933)
- Oct 31 Adolf von Baeyer, German chemist (Nobel 1905), born in Berlin (d. 1917)
- Oct 31 Krišjānis Barons, Latvian writer who published Latvian folk songs, born in Jaunpils Parish, Latvia (d. 1923)
- Nov 1 Godfrey Weitzel, German-American Major General (Union Army), born in Pirmasens, Germany (d. 1884)
- Nov 4 Lunsford L. Lomax, American Major General (Confederate Army), born in Newport, Rhode Island (d. 1913)
- Nov 5 Moritz Szeps, Austrian journalist and newspaper publisher, born in Busk, Austrian Galicia (d. 1902)
- Nov 6 Cesare Lombroso, Italian psychiatrist and criminologist, born in Verona, Lombardy–Venetia (d. 1909)
- Nov 9 Davorin Jenko, Slovene-Serbian composer, born in Dvorje, Slovenia (d. 1914)
- Nov 9 Jean-Theodore Radoux, Belgian composer, born in Liège, Belgium (d. 1911)
- Nov 16 Elliott Warren Rice, American Brevet Major General (Union Army), born in Allegheny, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (d. 1887)
- Nov 16 Eugenio Beltrami, Italian mathematician (non-Euclidean geometry), born in Cremona, Lombardy, Austrian Empire (d. 1900)
- Nov 17 Andrew L. Harris, governor of Ohio (d. 1915)
- Nov 18 Americus Vespucius Rice, American politician, banker, and Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Perrysville, Ohio (d. 1904)
- Nov 19 Fitzhugh Lee, American Major General (Confederate Army) and 40th Governor of Virginia, born in Fairfax County, Virginia (d. 1905)
- Nov 19 Lakshmi Bai, Indian Queen of the princely state of Jhansi in North India and leader of the Indian Mutiny (1857-58), born in Benares, Kingdom of Kashi-Benares (Varanasi) (d. 1858)
- Nov 22 Frank Crawford Armstrong, American Brigadier General (Confederate Army), born in Choctaw Agency, Indian Territory (d. 1909)
Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919)
Nov 25 Scottish-American industrialist, steel tycoon, philanthropist and one of the richest Americans ever, born in Dunfermline, Scotland
- Nov 29 Cixi, Chinese Empress Dowager and ruler, born in Beijing, China (d. 1908)
Mark Twain (1835-1910)
Nov 30 American author (Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer), born in Florida, Missouri
- Dec 1 Micah Jenkins, American Brigadier General (Confederate Army), born in Edisto Island, South Carolina (d. 1864)
- Dec 4 Samuel Butler, English author (Erewhom, Way of All Flesh), born in Langar, Nottinghamshire, England (d. 1902)
- Dec 6 Rudolf Fittig, German chemist (synthesizing organic compounds), born in Hamburg, Germany (d. 1910)
- Dec 7 Dom Joseph Pothier, French monk and musicologist, born in Bouzemont, France (d. 1923)
- Dec 11 Adolf Stoecker, German conservative politician, and reformer who founded the German Christian Social Party, born in Halberstadt, Germany (d. 1909)
- Dec 12 Georges Jean Pfeiffer, French composer, born in Versailles, France (d. 1908)
- Dec 13 Phillips Brooks, American Episcopal bishop and composer (Little Town of Bethlehem), born in Boston, Massachusetts (d. 1893)
- Dec 17 Alexander Agassiz, American biologist and geologist, born in Neuchâtel, Switzerland (d. 1910)
- Dec 18 George Dashiell Bayard, American Brigadier General (Union Army), born in Seneca Falls, New York (d. 1862)
- Dec 18 Lyman Abbott, American theologian and author, born in Roxbury, Massachusetts (d. 1922)
- Dec 28 Archibald Geikie, Scottish geologist (Scenery of Scotland), born in Edinburgh, Scotland (d. 1924)
20-29
30-39
40-49
50-59
80-89
Over 90