Oct 12 Battle of Hatfield Chase: King Edwin of Northumbrian defeated and killed by an alliance of Welsh kingdom Gwynedd led by Cadwallon ap Cadfan, and Mercia led by Penda
Dec 5 Visigothic King Sisenand convenes Fourth Council of Toledo at the church of Saint Leocadia in Toledo; all bishops of Hispania agree to establish seminaries in cathedral cities and implement educational standards
Gregory I
Gregory XIII
Julius II
Julius III
Leo X
Pius V