- Jan 5 John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford, British statesman (b. 1710)
- Jan 11 Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, Marquis d'Argens, French author, dies at 66
- Feb 12 Adolf Frederik, King of Sweden (1751-70), dies at 60
- Feb 20 Jean Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan, French geophysicist, dies at 92
- Mar 1 Isfrid Kayser, German composer, dies at 58
- Mar 8 Louis August le Clerc, French-born sculptor (b. 1688)
- Mar 22 Gottlieb Rabener, German author (Vom Misbrauch of the Satire), dies at 56
- Mar 24 William Shirley, British Colonial Governor of Massachusetts (played an important role in Britain’s struggle against France for control of North America), dies at 76
- May 21 Christopher Smart, English poet and journalist (Ceremony of Carols), dies at 49
- Jun 8 George Montague-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax, English statesman, dies at 54
- Jun 23 Jean-Claude Trial, French composer, dies at 38
- Jul 30 Thomas Gray, English poet (Elegy Written in a Country Church Yard), dies at 54
- Sep 17 Tobias Smollett, Scottish novelist, surgeon and critic (The Adventures of Roderick Random), dies at 50
- Oct 14 František "Franz" Xaver Brixi, Czech classical composer and kapellmeister, dies at 39
- Oct 18 Robert Praelisauer, German composer, music director, and priest, dies at 62
- Oct 27 Johann Gottlieb Graun, German violinist and composer, dies at about 67 (exact birthday uncertain, c. 1703)
- Nov 6 Hermanus Noordkerk, Dutch jurist, dies at 69
- Nov 6 John Bevis, English physician and astronomer (discovered Crab Nebula), dies at 75
- Nov 13 Konrad Ernst Ackermann, German actor and theatre director (Die Oberpfalz), dies at 61
- Nov 18 Giuseppe de Majo, Italian composer and organist, dies at 73
- Dec 6 Giovanni Battista Morgagni, Italian anatomist (b. 1682)
- Dec 23 Marie-Marguerite d'Youville, first native Canadian canonized (founded the Order of Sisters of Charity of Montreal), dies at 70,
- Dec 26 Claude Adrien Helvétius, French controversial philosopher (On the Mind), dies at 56
- Dec 27 Henri Pitot, Italian-French engineer, dies at 76