- Jan 1 Martin W. Bates, American politician, dies at 82
- Jan 17 Alexander Sergeyevich Dargomyzhsky, Russian composer, dies at 55
- Jan 26 Duncan Gordon Boyes, English recipient of the Victoria Cross, commits suicide at 22
- Jan 28 Prudent-Louis Aubery du Boulley, French composer, dies at 72
- Jan 30 William Carleton, Irish writer and novelist (Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry), dies at 74
- Feb 1 Frederick Willem Conrad, Dutch hydraulic engineer and railway pioneer (Katwyk), dies at 68
- Feb 4 Johan Michiel Dautzenberg, Flemish author (Future), dies at 60
- Feb 15 Mirza Ghalib, Indian poet (b. 1796)
- Feb 27 Justus Hiddes Halbertsma, Dutch Frisian writer, poet (Rhymes & Tales), lexicographer and linguist, and minister, dies at 79
- Feb 28 Alphonse de Lamartine, French writer (Poetical Mediations) and politician (briefly led the Second Republic 1848), dies at 78
- Mar 1 Alphonse MLP de Lamartine, French poet (History of Girondins), dies at 78
- Mar 11 Vladimir Odoevsky, Russian philosopher and writer, dies at 65
- Mar 19 Guillaume Nerenburger, Belgian general (Triangulatie of Belgium), dies at 64
- Mar 23 Charles Lucas, English composer and Principle of the Royal Academy of Music, dies at 60
- Mar 24 Antoine-Henri Jomini, French general (b. 1779)
- Mar 25 Edward Bates, American lawyer (26th U.S. Attorney General), dies at 75
- Mar 31 Allan Kardec, French author and founder of Spiritism, dies at 64
- Apr 1 Anthony Gerhard Alexander van Rappard, Dutch politician, dies at 69
- Apr 20 Carl Loewe, German composer, dies at 72
- Apr 20 Piotr Studzinski, Polish conductor and composer, dies at 42
- May 10 Wilhelm Bernhard Molique, German composer and violonist, dies at 66
- May 29 Philippe Vandermaelen, Flemish cartographer (Atlas Universel de Geographie) and globe maker, dies at 73
- Jun 15 Albert Grisar, Belgian comic opera composer, dies at 60
- Jun 16 Charles Sturt, English explorer (Australia), dies at 74
- Jun 20 Hijikata Toshizō, Japanese military leader, dies at 34
- Jul 15 A J Haynes, US army captain and civil war veteran, assassinated by KKK
- Jul 22 John Roebling, German-American civil engineer (Brooklyn Bridge), dies of tetanus as the result of an accident at 63 [1]
- Jul 28 Carl Gustav Carus, German psychologist, philosopher and painter, dies at 80
- Jul 28 Jan Evangelista Purkyně, Czech anatomist (b. 1787)
- Aug 2 Alexandrine Tinne, Dutch explorer and photographer, murdered trying to cross the Sahara at 33
- Aug 26 Jan August Hendrik Leys, Belgian Romantic painter, dies at 54
- Aug 31 Mary Ward, Irish scientist, first automobile accident victim (b. 1827)
- Sep 8 William Pitt Fessenden, American politician, Secretary of the Treasury during Civil War (Union), dies at 62
Peter Mark Roget (1779-1869)
Sep 12 British lexicographer (Roget's Thesaurus) and inventor (slide rule, pocket chessboard), dies at 90
- Sep 28 Guglielmo Libri, Italian mathematician, dies at 66
- Sep 28 Gugliemo Libri [della Somaia], Italian mathematician and book lover who stole 30,000 books, dies at 66
Franklin Pierce (1804-1869)
Oct 8 14th President of the United States (Democrat: 1853-57), dies from severe cirrhosis of the liver, at 64
Edward Smith-Stanley (1799-1869)
Oct 23 14th Earl of Derby, British Prime Minister (Conservative: 1852, 1858-59, 1866-68), dies at 70
- Oct 23 Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Tolbecque, Belgian-French composer, dies at 72
- Oct 24 Joseph Jackson Lister, British optician who perfected the optical microscope by designing the achromatic objective lens, dies at 83
- Nov 3 Andreas Kalvos, Greek poet, dies at 77
- Nov 4 George Peabody, American-British entrepreneur and philanthropist who founded the Peabody Trust and the Peabody Institute, dies at 74
- Nov 5 Otis Tufts, American machinist and inventor who built printing machines, steam engines, firefighting equipment and invented the steam pile driver, dies at 65
- Nov 12 Gheorghe Asachi, Moldovian-Romanian author, poet, polyglot and humanist (1st newspaper in Moldavia), dies at 81
- Nov 13 Iskandar Ali Mirza, Bengali-Pakistani general and 1st President of Pakistan (1956-58), dies of a heart attack at 70
- Nov 16 Hamiora Pere is hanged for treason at the Terrace Gaol, Wellington - only New Zealander ever to be executed for treason
- Dec 6 Jan de Liefde II, Dutch vicar and author (set up For the Welfare of the People organization), dies at 54
- Dec 18 Louis Moreau Gottschalk, American pianist and composer, dies at 40
Edwin Stanton (1814-1869)
Dec 24 US Secretary of War during most of the American Civil War (1861-65) and US Attorney General (1860-61), dies at 55
- Dec 26 Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille, French physician and physiologist (blood pressure), dies at 72