The Barons' Ultimatum
May 12 English barons serve an ultimatum on King John which eventually leads to the creation and signing of the Magna Carta
Genghis Khan Sacks Peking
Jun 1 Peking [Beijing], then a city of over one million, under the control of Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured and looted for a month by the Mongols under Genghis Khan
- Jun 15 English King John signs the Magna Carta at Runnymede, near Windsor in Surrey, places limits on royal authority and puts in writing the principle that the king and his government are not above the law
- Jul 23 Frederick II crowned King of the Romans (King of the Germans) in Aachen
- Aug 24 Pope Innocent III declares the Magna Carta invalid
- Nov 11 4th Lateran Council (12th ecumenical council) opens in Rome
- Nov 30 Pope Innocent III closes 4th council of Lateranen
Gregory I
Gregory XIII
Julius II
Julius III
Leo X
Pius V